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Cervical Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

Introduction

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, especially in developing countries. It begins in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The major cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). The good news is that cervical cancer is preventable and treatable when detected early through regular screening and vaccination.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the cervix. Over time, these abnormal cells can spread to nearby tissues and organs if left untreated. The disease develops slowly, usually over several years, starting from precancerous changes in the cervical cells.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

In the early stages, cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, women may experience:

Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause)

Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

Foul-smelling or watery vaginal discharge

Longer or heavier menstrual periods

Fatigue, weight loss, or loss of appetite (in advanced stages)

> Tip: Regular Pap smear tests and HPV screenings can detect early changes before symptoms appear.

Types of Cervical Cancer – External and Internal

Cervical cancer can start in different parts of the cervix. Based on the location of abnormal cell growth, it is usually classified as external (outer cervix) or internal (inner cervix) cancer.

1. External Cervical Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)

This type starts in the outer part of the , called the ectocervix.

It is the most common type of cervical cancer (about 70–80% of cases).

It develops from the flat, thin cells (squamous cells) that line the surface of the cervix.

Usually detected early through Pap smear tests.

2. Internal Cervical Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)

This type starts in the inner part of the cervix, called the endocervix.

It develops from glandular cells that produce mucus.

Less common but can be more difficult to detect in early stages.

Often diagnosed during advanced stages because symptoms are less obvious at first.

Mixed Type (Adenosquamous Carcinoma)

In some cases, women may develop both types (external + internal) together.

Known as adenosquamous carcinoma or mixed carcinoma.

Causes & Risk Factors

The main cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. However, several factors increase the risk, including:

Early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners

Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV infection)

Smoking

Long-term use of birth control pills

Family history of cervical cancer

Poor personal hygiene

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Doctors may use the following methods to diagnose cervical cancer:

1. Pap Smear Test: Detects abnormal cervical cells.

2. HPV Test: Identifies high-risk HPV infections.

3. Colposcopy: A closer examination of the cervix using a special lens.

4. Biopsy: Removal of tissue samples to confirm cancer.

5. Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, PET scan): To check the stage and spread of cancer.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage of cervical cancer and the patient’s overall health. Common options include:

Surgery: Removing cancerous tissue or, in severe cases, the uterus (hysterectomy).

Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays used to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Anti-cancer drugs that stop the growth of cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy: Advanced treatments that strengthen the immune system to fight cancer.

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that can be prevented. Here’s how:

HPV Vaccination: Protects against the most common cancer-causing HPV types. Recommended for girls and boys (ages 9–14).

Regular Screening: Pap smear and HPV tests can detect changes early.

Safe Sexual Practices: Using protection and limiting sexual partners lowers HPV risk.

Quit Smoking: Reduces the chances of cervical cancer.

Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet and boosting immunity.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is a serious health concern, but with awareness, regular screening, and preventive measures, it can often be avoided or treated effectively. Women should prioritize routine checkups, HPV vaccination, and early detection to reduce the risk.

👉 Remember: Early detection saves lives. Talk to your doctor about cervical cancer screening today.

Internal Linking Suggestions

👉 “You may also want to read about 

Internal Linking Suggestions

👉 “You may also want to read about Prostate Cancer for more awareness.”


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